The Hare Krishna Movement Essay - 1682 Words

The Hare Krishna Movement The Hare Krishna movement can be described by using Ninian Smarts six dimensions of religion. This is a series of six different dimensions that are present in any religion. They are doctrinal, ethical, mythical, experiential, ritual, and social. Each dimension is different, but is a necessary part of religion. In this report I will discuss how the Hare Krishna movement falls into these categories, but first allow me to provide some background information. Hare Krishna is a relatively new eastern religion founded on the backbone of Hindu teachings. It is referred to in some instances as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness denoted ISKCON. The Hare Krishna movement dates back to ancient†¦show more content†¦So what exactly is this movement classified as? I would classify this religion as firstly an eastern religion even though it has its meager beginnings in the US. And secondly I would classify the Hare Krishna movement as a hybrid cultural/universal religion. The Goals of ISKCON are fairly simple. When the Hare Krishna Movement was founded in 1966, AC Bhaktivedanta set forth seven points that form the backbone of the movement. - To systematically propagate spiritual knowledge to society at large, and to educate all people in the techniques of spiritual life, in order to check the imbalance of values in life, and to achieve real unity and peace in the world. - To propagate conciousness of Krishna, as it is revealed in the Bhagavad-gita and Srimad-Bhagavatam. - To bring the members of society together with each other and nearer to Krishna, the prime entity, thus developing the idea within the members, and humanity at large, that each soul is part and parcel of the quality of Godhead (Krishna). - To teach and encourage the sankirtan movement, congregational chanting of the holy names of God, as revealed in the teachings of Lord Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu. - To erect for the members and for society at large holy places of transcendental pastimes dedicated to the personality of Krishna. - To bring members closer together for the purpose of teaching a simpler, moreShow MoreRelatedThe Movement Of Indi The Struggle Of The Power Left A Young Iskcon Shaken1448 Words   |  6 Pageschallenges stemmed from Prabhupada’s death in 1977, which â€Å"left a young ISKCON shaken†. Although the movement was growing rapidly, it still relied heavily on the charismatic authority of Prabhupada, and his death created deep uncertainties within the organization’s leadership. As the organization scrambled to fill the void in institutional power left by its founder, there was a significant â€Å"movement of Indians into local positions of power, which had a [stabilizing influence on] many of the temple-levelRead MoreBuddhism and Hinduism in America Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesnow exist along side many others in America. ISKCON, a form of Hinduism, and Zen, a form of Buddhism, are two such groups. All Indian movements have always had a charismatic leader associated with them. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada was no different. Born Abhay Charan De 1896-1977 was the founder and spiritual master of ISKCON, International Society of Krishna Consciousness. He was given this mission as a youth from his spiritual Visnuite leader upon his death. He was a successful businessmanRead MoreUtopia And Dystopia By Thomas More1472 Words   |  6 Pages The aspect of personal utopia is evident in Hare Krishna. This is movement which was quite distinct from other Hinduism strains. The movement, which began in the 16th century in Bengal, stresses more on the worship of God, Krishna. The members of this movement were required to always chant the name of God for the benefit of everyone. According to Sreenivasan, â€Å"Married Couples in the International Society of Krishna Consciousness (Hare Krishna) were only to have sexual relations in order to procreateRead MoreAssess the Sociological Ex planations for the Growth of New Religious Movements.1280 Words   |  6 PagesAssess the sociological explanations for the growth of new religious movements. By: Amy Rashid Over the years, there has been a growth of new religious movements in the society. This growth can be explained in terms of why people chose to join the movements or in terms of wider social changes. Hence, in this essay, I shall discuss several sociological explanations for this occurrence. Firstly, Steve Bruce (1995, 1996) attributes the development of a range of religious institutions, includingRead More buddhism Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pageswas not politically activated until it was mistreated (Brittanica ninety-two), quot;the Buddhists have been divided into two groups. There is the moderate group that was led by Thich Tri Quang, that claimed political neutrality, but any of their movements for peace were seen as a weakness in the face of communism by the government of Saigon. And there are the militant Buddhists, who support upheavals. One such incident of upheaval was in 1963 when quot; the government (of Vietnam) forbade the flyingRead MoreHinduism Temple Visit Personal Experience Reflection2956 Words   |  12 Pagesa few years ago. I remember you (Dr. Maxwell) mentioning that the hippie movement had some parallels to Hinduism. The musical that I did was ˆHAiR! In this musical myself and the tribe/cast members started a song right before the end of t he first act. The lyrics read Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare, Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare. Thinking and looking at these lyrics it has Krishna and Rama in this chant. The gods name is Rama. Im not sure what this meansRead MoreModern Gurus : Prabhupada And Osho1971 Words   |  8 Pagesremaining ideas, and even creating new sects of Hinduism. Two modern gurus that showed this influence are A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and Osho, formerly known as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. Prabhupada - the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness - and Osho - who could be critically thought of as Hinduism’s version of Benny Hinn - can be considered both very different, and similar. They preach the same religion, and in truth taught many of the same philosophies, but have someRead MoreReligious Cults Being Manipulative, Abusive And Exploitative Exploitive1380 Words   |  6 Pagescast spells. This causes a profound deal of manipulation amongst individuals that are quite isolated. Jim Jones manipulates his members and takes them to a place where they have no communication or opportunities. Secondly, the religious cult the movement for the restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, also continues to be an example of a cult that is perished in a horrifying fire and a group suicide. This cult mentally manipulated the group and was on the mission to spread the Virgin Mary’sRead MoreSocial Reforms and Movement During 19th Century in India6013 Words   |  25 Pages 2ND SEM, 36 INDEX:- 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BRAHMO SAMAJ 3. ARYA SAMAJ 4. THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 5. YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT 6. RAMA KRISHNA MOVEMENT 7. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Socio-Religious Reform Movements in India were part of eighteenth century and twentieth-century India. During this time, on one side, India was suffering from stagnating traditional culture and society at very low ebb; while on theRead MoreSocial Reforms and Movement During 19th Century in India6024 Words   |  25 Pages 2ND SEM, 36 INDEX:- 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BRAHMO SAMAJ 3. ARYA SAMAJ 4. THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 5. YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT 6. RAMA KRISHNA MOVEMENT 7. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Socio-Religious Reform Movements in India were part of eighteenth century and twentieth-century India. During this time, on one side, India was suffering from stagnating traditional culture and society at very low ebb; while on the

Essay about Ethics and morales in the supploy chain

Ethics and Morales in the Supply Chain of Making a T-Shirt Jeremiah S. Bencker Abstract In This paper I will cover how ethics morals and laws impact the people in the supply chain of making clothing. I will cover how the introduction of labor unions has impacted the working conditions and the lives of the workers in the garment making industry. I will also go over what you as a consumer can do to ensure that the products you buy are not adding to the problem. Ethics and Morales in the Supply Chain of Making a T-Shirt The apparel industry has historically relied on a contracting system that has allowed brand-name companies to eschew legal liability for the working conditions of those who actually sew their garments. A race to the†¦show more content†¦Many of the individuals that take on that task have faced threats from the managers of the shops. In Human Rights Watch interviews conducted in Dhaka from October 2013 onwards, many of the interviewees described abusive practices. One female worker said that when the workers in her factory presented their union registration form to the company owner, he threw it in the dustbin – then threatened the workers, saying he would never allow the union to start. Workers complained that in one factory a supervisor said that any woman joining the union would be stripped of her clothes and thrown into the street. Elsewhere a manager said that a female union organizer was â€Å"polluting† his factory and should go and work in a brothel. A union organizer in a different factory said he received a phone call telling him not to come to work again and threatening to kill him if he did so. Others said that factory managers refused to meet them. Labor activists also complained that some of the unions in factories are not genuinely independent, but are so-called â€Å"yellow unions† that have been established by the factory owners themselves to control workers and prevent them from establishing or joining the union of their choice. (Human Rights Watch, 2014) The prevalence of substandard garment factories that lack basic protections for workers safety is not an issue isolated to the manufacturing industry in Bangladesh but it is particularly

Practise Domiciliary Health Care Environment †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Practise Domiciliary Health Care Environment? Answer: Introduction: National Safety and quality health service standards (NSQHS) are typically ten standards that govern the nursing practice in health care service (NSQHS, 2012) (Brenner et al., 2015). The standards of NSQHS were essentially put forth by the Australian commission on safety and quality in health care service (NSQHS, 2012) (Brenner et al., 2015). The NSQHS primarily focuses on the implementation of safety for patients and their families and the protection of their interest during their visit to the hospital (NSQHS, 2012) (Brenner et al., 2015). The delivery of health service is regarded optimal when the patients are provided an environment free of accidents and health concerns caused due to lack of care (NSQHS, 2012) (Brenner et al., 2015). The NSQHS standards for the optimisation of quality and safety in health care service include: Governance of safety and quality in the organisations of healthcare Partnership with the consumers of health care service Prevention and control of infections caused by the absence of health care attention Safety during medication and pharmacological treatment Identification of the patient and matching the treatment procedure to individual patients Optimal and accurate clinical handover of patients Safety whilst handling blood and blood-related products Prevention and management of injuries and pressure sores Timely recognition of deterioration in acute health care procedure and appropriate response Prevention of falls and accidents and related harm The NSQHS standards govern the determination of quality of health care service (NSQHS, 2012) (Brenner et al., 2015). The Australian commission on quality and safety standards has arrived at the above-mentioned standards following consultation with health care professionals and technical experts (NSQHS, 2012) (Brenner et al., 2015). Nurses play the most crucial role in the provision of a high-quality and safety-assured health care service (NSQHS, 2012) (Brenner et al., 2015). The NSQHS standards are verified in the health care units by conducting regular clinical audits (NSQHS, 2012) (Brenner et al., 2015). The current article focuses on two of the above-mentioned NSQHS standards, i.e. guideline no. 3: the prevention and control of infections caused by the absence of health care attention, and guideline no 7: Safety whilst handling blood and blood-related products. This article discusses the implementation of these guidelines of NSQHS with specific reference to the case of Mrs. Brown. Implementation of two specific NSQHS standards: Mrs. Brown requires post-operative care for lap cholecystectomy or the surgical removal of gall bladder. Mrs. Brown is an elderly woman with the history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, and amputated toe. She has several challenges in performing daily activities due to her arthritis and amputated toe concerns. However, she is independent and her familial carers aid her in all her mobility concerns. She has to be administered antibiotics by the intravenous route (IVAB) by means of a peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). The first NSQHS guideline to be followed in her case is that of prevention of infections associated with negligence in healthcare (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). The best practice for the use of PICC IVAB include: use of appropriate dimension of catheter, training for nurses for administration including the insertion and simulation of catheter, maintenance of hand hygiene, and monitoring and reporting of bloodstream infections to all stakeholders (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). The nurses using the PICC equipment must follow aseptic cleaning of catheter, lipid removal, and hair removal at the site of insertion to avoid infections (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). The second NSQHS guideline may be followed by assuring that the site of insertion of PICC should be as eptic and the position should be affirmed using X-ray scan (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). The catheter used must have appropriate lumen size and must be made of aseptic material (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). The length of insertion must be appropriate and PICC must never be trimmed using scissors (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). The prophylactic administration of antibiotics or antifungal agents must be avoided (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). The insertion must be made at the cephalic or the basilica veins or the brachial veins after visualising and palpation using ultrasound scan (Boyd et al., 2014) (Tamhankar et al., 2010). Conclusion: The most optimal care for postoperative patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy primarily focuses on optimising the experience after surgery. The standards of nursing in these cases include the meticulous monitoring, assessment and evaluation, and providing appropriate treatment. The optimal care is when nurses can anticipate problems and requirements along with timely intervention. Postoperative care in this case involved invasive PICC due to which the NSQHS guidelines of prevention of infections and blood-related product safety are key factors. References Brenner, P. Kautz, D.D. (2015). Postoperative Care of Patients Undergoing Same-Day Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. AORN J, 102, 16-29 Boyd, L. Sheen, J. (2014). The national safety and quality health service standards requirements for orientation and induction within Australian healthcare: a review of the literature. Asia Pacific journal of health management, 9(3), 31-37 National safety and quality health service standards (2012) Australian commission on safety and quality in health care. Print Tamhankar, A. P., Mazari, F., Olubaniyi, J. (2010). Postoperative Symptoms, After-Care, and Return to Routine Activity After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 14, 484489 Queensland government (2015). Guideline for peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC). Available at https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0032/444497/icare-picc-guideline.pdf [Accessed on 11th Aug 2017]

Why lie to the history books Review Essay Example

Why lie to the history books Review Paper Essay on Why lie to the history books To learn how to choose, it is necessary not only to read a lot, we must also be able to distinguish between science and ideology, or else an illusion impossibility of scientific knowledge the result of the triumph of ideology over science in a single mind. In science and ideology there are common: both this knowledge is given in the system, two kinds of systematic consciousness, but the system of scientific knowledge aimed at establishing the truth and ideology to protect the interests of (groups of) people. That is why it is wrong that Mukhin object of protection has long vanished is not Stalin, but in the interests of the class, that group of people, material interests are represented by Stalin at the very top class supreme bureaucracy (the so-called decision-makers), the nomenclature or otherwise (to use a more accurate scientific terminology) politaristov. Modern Russian politarizm enjoys the ability to mimic their ideology as science, to issue its own system of scientific knowledge. It is this and claim all ideologues. Their joint interest to discredit the scientific knowledge per se. For example, identifying a plurality of views and pluralism of truths. every ideology boast reasonable true and embellishes it profitable lie true, if you do not have in mind a scientific ideology. Scientific ideology is possible when society there are people who are interested in a simple question, but what was really? However, it happens not always. the mass believes myths about the famine and gulags but this is not the myths. Here, for example, the work of historians pros: pay attention to the conclusion there. Or thats gulag, and more. Why lie to the history books Review Essay Example Why lie to the history books Review Paper Essay on Why lie to the history books I probably would have noticed immediately 1) YI Semenov: no common ownership of the means of production was not in our society. I absent in it, and the distribution principle: from each according to ability, to each according to his work. In other words, our society was not socialist in any sense of the word. No socialism we had not, it was not his, and no country in the world. Society, which we persistently called socialist, in fact, or have been, or still are still politarnymi. Listed a little sign of communism, which was not possible to build a really, but to call it socialism signs completely dare not. If we take socialism as a coupling medium between capital and communism, we must realize that in socialism such features as from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs are in bud. Before society eat these conditions provide for work, must undergo a long process of nationalization. This is firstly. Socialism on the entire planet does not work, it must run in slowly, and then in the socialist countries should have trade relations with the capitalist countries. This is just one more aspect of slowing down the appearance of signs described by Semenov, you forgive, but he wrote illiterate nonsense. As for contemporaries of Stalin, so everything is very simple; were talking about the ideological war that was then, so the representatives of both sides of his contemporaries combined status or even witnesses, but the information they provide is absolutely contradictory. I am referring to the fact that not a few contemporaries of Raskolnikov, his mouth shut. There is a little book from the same series of mystery 37go year, it is called Stalins Testament. On its back is written a little anecdote: After the death of Stalin left two envelopes, one says to open at a difficult time, the other To be opened at a critical time. There comes a difficult time, and opened the first envelope, there is written: Bring down all on me. There comes a critical ti me, it opened the second envelope and is written in it: Do as I do. Why lie to the history books Review Essay Example Why lie to the history books Review Paper Essay on Why lie to the history books It seems that you do not is aware that is socialism, not to mention how to write frantically about Semenov, saying, ignorant stupidity well, well, well actually funny! about the author of Economic ethnology (a link to the electric version Heres a list of his scientific works -.? Not ashamed?) a man for the first time disclosed the full range of existing and existing forms of exploitation of man by man (and a half dozen note can immediately call at least half a dozen?). No, I am far from simple links to authorities and is ready to do without them. But there is the view that, at least, deserve close attention. And you its not just lack of tact, it is immediately obvious, and bad faith, but excuse me Your will return and a real nonsense. And now, in fact. Socialism is not determined by the combination of features remember how Hattabych old man was trying to create a phone booth in the image and likeness but somehow did not work. So it is with definitions they should work! Th e meaning and essence of socialism, precisely on the classics, Marx, including socialist ideas, ranging from the 19th century, first of all, the implementation of the principle of social justice (and this is the most current Western idea until now, the center of speculation and lies all the authorities and ideologies), which in the language of the economic theory of socialism a classless society, that is, one in which the means of production are owned by society, not the state. Thats about it and lied, and lying Stalinist propaganda (and it is clear why the death of his reeks of such a theory, or rather, with the subsequent dying off = falling asleep all the state functions assumed by the Companys control, in the language of orthodoxy the dictatorship of the proletariat remember Lenins opinion about it ? Forgot?). Therefore impossible demagoguery about the socialist state of this nature can not be (in ME and Lenin). State is politarnaya forms of private property, including pe ople, reaching to the slaves in the Gulag (this is just a scientific truth from the 20th century). Corporate Ownership nomenclature is precisely private property in accordance with its definition. Semenov wrote about the socialist principle of distribution according to work, as an economist, as a researcher and expert on pre-class and early class economies (though it is something to take the sense and think that it is not likely, but is something you do not understand ). What is behind it quite clearly the impossibility of class relations, including politarizma this is where the bureaucracy robs the people and fattening, portraying servants of the people, under the guise lied about the public property, humanism and justice. And you wonder inserted on demand, but by the way, this principle has already proved its necessity and effectiveness of one of the existing types of economic relations in the primitive state. Stalinist state works because liberally lubricated with blood, but the current level of production and technology completely eliminates this shovels mode of production, hence the vital need to destroy a huge parasitic superstructure over society, called the state. Socialism immediately on the planet will not work, who told you? In general, how do you ponabrali all this confusion about socialism, the impossibility of historical science, truth, etc. Stalinist blyagi? Just trouble, I must say. And remember, you have a large inflated and this is in the best case. And in my opinion, the destruction of the global class relations between the two countries is possible only once and everywhere, and hence it is clear that capitalism and politarizm two sides of the same coin and the fate they will have a common a quick death, either with mankind or separately if the latest smart enough. And yet to me the most lovely of the covenants of Stalins contemporaries, an honest man to kill Stalin he wrote with his blood on the walls of the chamber shortly befor e the death of Artur Artuzov, I hope you know who this is? If not would highly recommend steeper any fiction.

How to Get Into College - Step by Step Guide

How to Get Into College - Step by Step Guide Getting into college isnt as difficult as most people think it is. There are colleges out there who will take anyone who has the tuition money. But most people dont want to go to just any college - they want to go to their first-choice college.   So, what are your chances of getting accepted to the school that you want to attend the most? Well, they are better than 50/50.  According to UCLAs annual CIRP Freshman Survey, more than half of students get accepted to their first choice college. This is no accident; many of these students apply to a school that is a good fit for their academic ability, personality, and career goals. Students who get accepted to their first choice college also have another thing in common: They spend a good portion of their high school career preparing for the college admissions process. Lets take a closer look at how you can get into college by following four easy steps.   Get Good Grades Getting good grades might sound like an obvious step for college-bound students, but the importance of this cannot be ignored.  Some colleges have a range of grade point averages (GPA) that they prefer. Others use a minimum GPA as part of their admissions requirements. For example, you may need at least a 2.5 GPA to apply. In short, youll have more college options if you get good grades. Students with high-grade point averages also  tend to get more attention from the admissions department and more financial assistance from the aid office. In other words, they have a better chance of getting accepted and may even be able to get through college without accumulating too much debt.   Of course, it is important to note that grades aren’t everything. There are some schools that pay little or no attention to GPA. Greg Roberts, admissions dean at the  University of Virginia, has referred to an applicants GPA as meaningless. Jim Bock, admissions dean at Swarthmore College, labels the GPA as artificial. If you dont have the grades you need to meet minimum GPA requirements, you need to seek out schools that focus on other application components beyond grades.   Take Challenging Classes Good high school grades are a proven indicator of college success, but they are not the only thing that college admissions committees look at. Most colleges are more concerned with your class choices. An A grade has less weight in an easy class than a B in a challenging class. If your high school offers advanced placement (AP) classes, you need to take them. These classes will allow you to earn college credits without having to pay college tuition. They will also help you develop college-level academic skills and show admissions officers that you are serious about your education. If AP classes aren’t an option for you, try to take at least a few honors classes in core subjects like math, science, English or history. As you are choosing high school classes, think about what you want to major in when you go to college. Realistically, youre only going to be able to handle a certain number of AP classes in a single year of high school. You are going to want to choose classes that are a good match for your major. For example, if you plan on majoring in a STEM field, then it makes sense to take AP science and math classes. If, on the other hand, you want to major in English literature, it makes more sense to take AP classes related to that field.   Score Well on Standardized Tests Many colleges use standardized test scores as part of the admissions process. Some even require minimum test scores as an application requirement.  You can usually submit  ACT or SAT  scores, though there are some schools that prefer one test over another.  A good score on either test will not guarantee acceptance to your first choice college, but it will increase your chances of success and can even help to offset bad grades in certain subjects. If you dont score well on tests, there are more than 800 test-optional colleges that you can consider. These colleges include technical schools, music schools, art schools and other schools that don’t view high ACT and SAT scores as indicators of success for the students that they admit to their institution.   Get Involved Participating in extracurricular activities, charities, and community events will enrich your life and your college application. When picking your extracurriculars, choose something that you enjoy and/or have a passion for. This will make the time you spend on these activities much more fulfilling.

Free Short Stories from Project Gutenberg

Free Short Stories from Project Gutenberg Founded by Michael Hart in 1971, Project Gutenberg is a free digital library containing more than 43,000 e-books. Most of the works are in the public domain, though in some cases copyright holders have given Project Gutenberg permission to use their work. Most of the works are in English, but the library also includes texts in French, German, Portuguese, and other languages. The effort is run by volunteers who are constantly working to expand the librarys offerings. Project Gutenberg was named after Johannes Gutenberg, the German inventor who developed movable type in 1440. Movable type, along with other advances in printing, helped facilitate mass production of texts, which fostered the rapid spread of knowledge and ideas in art, science, and philosophy. Goodbye, Middle Ages. Hello, Renaissance. Note: Because copyright laws vary from country to country, users outside of the United States are advised to check the copyright laws in their respective countries before downloading or distributing any texts from Project Gutenberg. Finding Short Stories on the Site Project Gutenberg offers a wide range of texts, from the United States Constitution to old issues of Popular Mechanics to charming medical texts like 1912s Cluthes Advice to the Ruptured. If youre specifically hunting for short stories, you can start with the directory of short stories arranged by geography and other topics. (Note: If you have trouble accessing the Project Gutenberg pages, look for an option that says, Turn off this top frame and the page should work.) At first, this arrangement seems straightforward, but on closer examination, youll realize that all of the stories categorized under Asia and Africa, for example, are written by English-speaking authors like Rudyard Kipling and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote stories about those continents. In contrast, some of the stories categorized under France are by French writers; others are by English writers writing about France. The remaining categories seem somewhat arbitrary (Ghost Stories, Victorian Stories of Successful Marriages, Victorian Stories of Troubled Marriages), but there is no question that they are fun to browse through. In addition to the short stories category, Project Gutenberg offers an extensive selection of folklore. In the childrens section, you can find myths and fairytales, as well as picture books. Accessing the Files When you click on an interesting title on Project Gutenberg, youll be confronted with a somewhat daunting (depending on your comfort level with technology) array of files to choose from. If you click Read this e-book online, youll get completely plain text. This is an important part of what Project Gutenberg is trying to accomplish; these texts will be preserved electronically without complications from fancy formatting that might not be compatible with future technologies. Nevertheless, knowing that the future of civilization is secure wont improve your reading experience today one iota. The plain-text online versions are uninviting, awkward to page through, and dont include any images. A book called More Russian Picture Tales, for example, simply includes [illustration] to tell you where you might see a lovely image if only you could get your hands on the book. Downloading a plain text file rather than reading it online is slightly better because you can scroll all the way down the text instead of hitting next page over and over. But it is still pretty stark. The good news is that Project Gutenberg really, really wants you to be able to read and enjoy these texts, so they offer many other options: HTML. In general, the HTML file will provide a better reading experience online. Take a look at the HTML file for More Russian Picture Tales, and-voil!- the illustrations appear.EPUB files, with or without images. These files work on most e-readers, but not on Kindle.Kindle files, with or without images. Be aware, though, that Project Gutenberg is up in arms because of the Kindle Fire, unlike previous Kindles, is not particularly compatible with free e-books. For suggestions, you can read their webmasters Review of the Kindle Fire.Plucker files. For PalmOS devices and a few other handheld devices.QiOO mobile e-book files. These files are intended to be readable on all mobile phones, but Javascript is required. The Reading Experience Reading archival material, electronically or otherwise, is very different from reading other books. The lack of context can be disorienting. You can often find a copyright date, but otherwise, theres very little information about the author, the pieces publication history, the culture at the time it was published, or its critical reception. In some cases, it may be impossible to even figure out who had translated works into English. To enjoy Project Gutenberg, you need to be willing to read alone. Going through these archives is not like reading a bestseller that everyone else is reading, too. When someone at a cocktail party asks you what youve been reading, and you answer, I just finished an 1884 short story by F. Anstey called The Black Poodle, you will likely be met with blank stares. But did you read it? Of course you did, because it begins with this line: I have set myself the task of relating in the course of this story, without suppressing or altering a single detail, the most painful and humiliating episode of my life. Unlike most works you read in anthologies, many of the works in the Project Gutenberg library have not withstood the proverbial test of time. We know that someone in history thought the story was worth publishing. And we know that at least one human being- a volunteer from Project Gutenberg- thought a given story was worth putting online forever. The rest is up to you. Browsing through the archive may raise some questions for you about what on earth that test of time really means, anyway. And if you feel youd like some company in your reading, you can always suggest a Gutenberg piece to your book club. The Rewards Though its wonderful to see a familiar name like Mark Twain in the archives, the truth is that The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County has already been widely anthologized. You probably have a copy on your shelf right now. So the Gutenberg price tag, though fabulous, isnt really the best thing about the site. Project Gutenberg brings out the literary treasure-hunter in all of us. There are gems at every turn, like this wonderful voice from Bill Arp (pen name of Charles Henry Smith, 1826-1903, an American writer from Georgia), featured in The Wit and Humor of America, volume IX: I almost wish every man was a reformed drunkard. No man who hasnt drank liker knows what a luxury cold water is. Cold water may, indeed, be a luxury to the drunkard, but for someone who loves short stories, the real luxury is the chance to explore thousands of rich-but-almost-forgotten texts, to read with fresh eyes, to get a glimpse of literary history, and to form unencumbered opinions about what you read.

What do we know about female genital mutilation in the UK Research Proposal

What do we know about female genital mutilation in the UK - Research Proposal Example The UK is a country that is affected by this scourge. While France has had over a 100 prosecutions over this issue, UK’s performance has been lacklustre. The UK has in the past been compared unfavourably to other countries over the issue, such as France where there have been more than 100 successful prosecutions (BBC, 21 March 2014). The mounting intensity of the issue makes FGM in UK a significant topic for further research. The study will find out if female circumcision as a cultural practice is prevalent in the modern UK society. This also aims to analyze the intensity of FGM’s consequences on the victim population in terms of social as well as health complications. This study may throw light on the issue so as to evoke better education, community-wide awareness programs, and legal intervention that may prevent this unethical practice. FGM as a whole is debilitating to a woman. Her private parts are distorted endangering her health and life. A rigorous effort is essential to wipe out this practice from the UK society. The study has certain limitations as FGM is performed secretly in most cases. Social stigma along with legality concerns will prevent people from disclosing facts. World Health Organization (WHO) defines FGM as ‘all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitals, or injury to the female genital organs for non-therapeutic reasons’. According to the WHO, FGM is of four types. The clitoris could be removed alone or it could be removed with the labia minora. In some cases, the vaginal opening could be narrowed with or without excising the clitoris. All other harmful practices on the female genitalia also come under this definition. (RCM, et al. 2014). Alison Saunders, Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) agrees that there are very few referrals for FGM. Nevertheless, she puts the onus on the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) due to which there have been no cases to begin with (Owen, 2014). Lack of

Recyclable Drinking Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Recyclable Drinking Water - Essay Example The city chosen for this purpose is Bangkok considering the current flood scenario that has affected the lives of locals and tourists. The shortage of drinking water has jeopardised the physical and mental state along with the health of people. Bangkok is the capital and largest city of Thailand known as a tourist destination across the globe. The influx of tourists from different parts of the world has strengthened the economy of the country boasting on impeccable infrastructure and hospitality that is good enough to allure people across the globe. Bangkok has 50 districts and each district is managed by the district chief appointed by the governor. There is also an elected government body; Bangkok Metropolitan Council that managed municipal ordinances and city’s budget pertaining to infrastructure and other activities. The government of Bangkok of is known as Bangkok Metropolitan Administration that manages the city and its resources in an effective and efficient manner. The re are a number of national and international retailers present in Bangkok with the likes of Tesco, Family Mart and Big C dominating the market. The economic activities are majorly restricted to agriculture and tourism. In Bangkok, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority offers tap water that is used for the purpose of drinking and other activities. Many households have water purifying machines that further purifies water through different mechanisms and processes. At the same time, a number of packaged drinking water bottles are available that can be bought to ensure good quality of drinking water. However, there is no organisation developing or promoting recycled water for the drinking purpose. This marketing plan would ensure successful introduction of the product in the markets of Bangkok... The paper tells about integrated marketing communication as one of the highly preferred marketing tools within the competitive business environment. It can be defined as the coordination and amalgamation of marketing communication tools and functions into a program or function that helps in impacting customers along with enhancing the feasibility and acceptance of the product. However, the common perception states that recycle water is not safe for drinking and can be used in irrigation, industrial usage and flushing toilets. Bangkok has been severely affected by floods creating shortages for safe drinking water. It needs to be mentioned that common people in the city are facing serious water crisis with tap water pouring contaminated and dirty water. On the other hand, packaged drinking bottles are quite limited in the market and the city does not have a marketer offering recycled drinking water. It can be assumed that development of recycled drinking water would help in offering a useful product to the masses using an integrated marketing communication approach. This would also help in assessing the present use of recycled water and its importance and acceptance in the business and social environment. Thus, the marketing plan has a great scope that requires effective planning and implementation. The city of Bangkok has been developing wastewater treatment system from a long period of time and efforts have yielded good benefits in last few years. There are a number of sewerage zones that have helped in improving the overall water shortages in the short as well as in the long run.

Wildlife Conservation in India Essay Example for Free

Wildlife Conservation in India Essay Nature is the major part that gave plenty of chances to flourish mankind. When it comes about doing justice, it’s all what nature do, but not us. We learnt from childhood to save others, to think for others first, and rest all the things. In fact, we are living all because of the nature. And when our turn came to save the nature, we are simply sitting back, relaxing as if nothing has happened. Therefore, the government of India started giving advertisements to save the nature or in easy language ‘Save Wildlife’. Many wildlife organizations are there who try to save and flourish the wildlife. Many natural projects and programmes have been undertaken by the Indian Government like Project Tiger, Nature Camps, and Jungle Lodges. These have been organized to promote the wildlife awareness among the people in every remote areas of India. All of these projects help preserving the natural heritage as well as encourages the eco-tourism. The wild beings are the gift of the nature that helps decorate the natural beauty by their exceptional ways of existence. Today, due to the rising deforestation and negligence, wildlife is receiving a threat that needs special attention from every human being. The green heritage of this world could only be saved by joining hands together. The population of tigers is day-by-day diminishing, and so to preserve and protect them government has taken some initiatives. It is today very important for every individual to know this major issue of wildlife. The education and awareness will at least help people to stop killing more animals or birds. The major example of efforts to save the endangered Rhinoceros is in the Kazirange Sanctuary in Assam. To protect wildlife like Elephants, Periyar in Kerala is also doing exceptionally well, where as, the Dachigam National Park is also joining its hand to save the Hangul or Kashmiri Stag. Gir National Park that is located in Gujarat is the only surviving home for the almost wiped out Asiatic Lions in India. Wildlife Conservation in India covers some 3.29 million square kilometers of area including the floral and faunal species, mammals, reptiles, insects, and birds. Today, the Wildlife Conservation in India has become the most renowned holiday destinations due to its diverseness. In India, you will get total 571 sanctuaries and reserve parks, sheltered by the Indian Government. Some of the significant Wildlife Sanctuaries that could be found in India are: * Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh * Corbett National Park in Uttar Pradesh * Kaziranga National Park in Assam * Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan * Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal * Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam * Gir National Park Sanctuary in Gujarat * Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh * Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala * Dachigam National Park in Jammu Kashmir Besides this, there are many other NGOs are also working on the wildlife conservation like Wildlife Society of Orissa, Rhino Foundation for Nature, Friends of Forests, North Eastern Society for Preservation of Nature and Wildlife, Nature’s Beckon, Nature Conservation Society Amravati, The Friends of the Doon and Bali Nature, and Wild Life Conservation Society. Wildlife aids in sustaining the balanced living systems of earth that as a result guarantees survival of life. In fact, by studying about the wildlife further, Scientists achieved lots of precious information about different life processes and discovered significant medical products. Tourists when throng to India to see the major attractions and make some memorable time, they make sure that the nation could offer them good sights of wildlife as well. So be the one to save our environment and wildlife and make India a thriving place for these living beings. Active conservation projects in India Tiger Conservation Programme Geographical location: Asia/Pacific Southern Asia India The project aims at conserving the tiger and the species that cohabit its habitat. Project activities primarily focus on conservation efforts within the protected areas and their adjoining forests. There is also a major effort to work with the local communities; primarily to mobilise support for the cause of tiger conservation, and at the same time bring economic benefits to the communities by means of innovative mutually benefitting activities. Objectives Provide support to protected areas to strengthen their anti-poaching activities. Play a facilitators role to develop, ratify and adopt strategies. Protect high priority landscapes and the biodiversity therein. Restore critical habitats. Solution The project relates to conservation action in the 3 priority tiger landscapes in India, i.e. the Sunderbans, Satpuda Maikal and the Terai Arc. In addition to working in the landscape, WWF will also provide support to protected areas to strengthen their anti-poaching capabilities. The proposed activities in the selected landscapes will involve working closely with the governmental and non-governmental agencies along with the local communities. WWF will play the role of catalytic role in facilitating the agencies to collaborate to develop, ratify and adopt strategies, protect important biodiversity areas, conserve landscapes of high priority and restore critical habitats. Asian Rhino and Elephant Action Strategy (AREAS) Geographical location: Asia/Pacific Asia General Asia/Pacific Southeast Asia Indonesia Asia/Pacific Southeast Asia Malaysia Asia/Pacific Southern Asia India Asia/Pacific Southern Asia Nepal Asia/Pacific Southern Asia Sri Lanka  © WWF Laos Summary WWF’s Asian Rhino and Elephant Action Strategy (AREAS) was set up to focus on the conservation of these iconic flagship species. The programme was developed on the back of priorities defined by WWF Asia/Pacific Regional Strategy. This project is concerned with the next phase of the AREAS programme and priorities will be further developed. Background With a few notable exceptions, populations of the 3 Asian rhino species (Greater One-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) have experienced major declines over the past few decades as a result of habitat loss, fragmentation, and poaching. Large mammals, like rhinos and elephants, are wide-ranging and require extensive areas to support viable populations. It is possible that rhino and elephant populations in several of Asias relatively small protected areas have reached carrying capacity, and the areas have inadequate ecological resources to support larger populations. The animals are unable to use the surrounding areas as habitat fragmentation of their natural habitat has led to the reserves becoming isolated. In many areas, the only chance to maintain or rebuild viable rhino and elephant populations is to include the larger landscape in conservation planning. Objectives 1. Expand existing reserves and creating new reserves where possible. 2. Link proximal protected areas by corridors. 3. Manage buffer zones so that wildlife conservation activities and other natural resources provide more benefits to the local communities than irreversible extraction of resources. 4. Encourage low-intensity land use throughout the conservation landscape that are compatible with wildlife use and dispersal, yet provide equivalent benefits. 5. Re-establish the traditions of the local people that once allowed a relatively benevolent coexistence with wildlife. 2. Conservation of Red Pandas 3. Geographical location: 4. Asia/Pacific Southern Asia India 5. 6.  © WWF-Canon / Martin HARVEY 7. Summary 8. Scientific information on the status of the red panda in Sikkim is very scant. While large areas are shown as red panda distribution areas, the reality is that only small pockets are available for the species. Authentic information on where exactly these animals are ranging and how exactly these places are connected and or what threatens these linkages is vital for creating strategies for effective conservation interventions. The Khangchendzonga landscape itself is a large area and the number of stakeholders is huge. Among them are government and non government agencies and influential individuals. These also include educational and research institutions that make key inputs into decision making. Bringing all of these together on a platform to make an alliance for conservation is expected to go a long way in achieving larger conservation goals. It is clear that the entire landscape including the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (Sikkim, India) is facing various threats. But there is no scientifically documented information that actually identifies the threats as well as shows levels of damage each one of them is causing or the potential of the damage that is waiting to happen. While this kind of dataset will appraise us of the level of interventions that are needed, it will also help in generating opinion among decision makers. 9. Background 10. Though the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is the state animal of Sikkim and reported to be found in six protected areas (PAs) within the state (Choudhury 2001), its status in the wild is thought to be steadily declining (Lachhungpa 1997). Choudhury (2001) also reports that a 1,000 times increase in tourists in Sikkim between 1980 and 1995 and their subsequent requirement for firewood has accelerated habitat loss. In addition to this, he mentioned that construction of roads, over-grazing, etc. have also had their toll on the red panda habitats in Sikkim. The ecology of this species has been studied by Pradhan et al. (1999) in Singhalila National Park, West Bengal, an area that is adjacent to the state of Sikkim and has contiguous patches to this state’s largest PA, i.e. the Kanchenjunga National Park. The state of Sikkim is also likely to hold about 20% of the potential red panda habitat in India (Choudhury 2001). Therefore, in order to propose a conservation action plan for the species, the foremost activity to be carried out is to estimate the current status and distribution of the red panda in Sikkim. This activity will identify the PAs and other areas of red panda habitat that need immediate attention. 11. Objectives 12. 1. Understand the conservation status of the red panda in Sikkim. 2. Strategise for long-term conservation of the red panda. 3. Conduct feasibility for reintroductions of the red panda in order to create populations in identified sites. 13. Solution 14. It is known that the red panda inhabits sub-tropical and temperate forests (Choudhury 2001) wherein they are threatened from habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, competition from domestic livestock, reduction of habitat quality by removal of maternal den trees (Glatstone 1994). Hence, conservation needs for this species in Sikkim is to be determined and addressed. The weaknesses of the red panda habitats within and outside PAs are to be quantified and specific strengthening measures are to be implemented. All these activities will require to build-up a partnership with different government authorities like the Forest Department, the Indian army and NGOs like the Mountain Institute, Resources Himalaya and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). A broad-based awareness programme will also be initiated at the middle of the first year to make the people of the state aware about the conservation issues for this species. In due course of time, a tie up could be done with the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling, which has successfully carried out an ex-situ conservation programme of red panda, by breeding this species in captivity and releasing them in the wild. Interestingly, one of the two individuals that were radio-collared and released in the Singhalila National Park, has mated in the wild and given birth to offspring. 15. Terai Arc Landscape securing corridors, curbing poaching and mitigating HWC 16. Geographical location: 17. Asia/Pacific Southern Asia India 18. 19.  © WWF-Canon / Helena Telkanranta 20. Summary 21. The Terai Arc Landscape contains spectacular forests, savannahs and grasslands, providing vital habitat for three endangered large mammals: tiger, elephant and rhinoceros. This project will focus on restoring wildlife corridors, poaching and mitigation of human/wildlife conflict (HWC). These activites will have an overall positive impact on wildlife and will be focused on the states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. 22. Background 23. The Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) is spread over approximately 49,500 sq km and stretches from Nepal’s Bagmati river in the east to India’s Yamuna river in the west. TAL in India covers approximately 30,000 sq km across the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This area of India is about 50% forested. Vegetation in TAL-India consists of sal forests, sal mixed forests, riverine forests, mixed forests, grasslands and open scrubs. Some of the charismatic mega-fauna in TAL-India includes tiger (Panthera tigris), Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus), great Indian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli) and the Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica). TAL is also drained by major rivers such as Sharda, Kosi, Ramganga, Gandak, Bagmati, Sonanadi, Rapti, and Saryu. TAL in India has 9 protected areas (PAs) which are Rajaji National Park, Corbett National Park and Tiger Reserve, Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dudhwa National Park and Tiger Reserve, Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary, Sohagibarwa Wildlife Sanctuary and Valmiki National Park and Tiger Reserve covering a total area of 4,500 sq km. TAL in India is among the most densely populated rural areas in the country as more than 20 million people reside here (2001 census). During the last two decades the population in TAL has increased by as much as 54.2%, which is 9% above the national average. Most of the poorer communities depend on the forest for their subsistence. Firewood, fodder and grass for thatching and rope making are the most significant resources extracted from the forests. Wild fruits, honey, medicinal plants, and leaves are some non-timber forest products (NTFPs) which are also extracted from the forests and these also contribute to the household economy of rural populations. Natural resource based occupations are predominant across TAL-India. Only 7% of the population uses purchased fuel such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), coal and kerosene in the entire TAL-India, the remainder using fuel wood collected from the forests. This landscape faces several threats like loss of wildlife and its habitat at an alarming rate. Habitat degradation and fragmentation due to biotic pressures and developmental activities are causing immense damage to the TAL. Livelihoods of millions of people are also at risk, as the natural resources in the TAL provide a means of income as well as vital ecological services, which are being lost as the landscape is further degraded. There are direct threats to wildlife in terms of poaching and conflicts with humans. There are tribes who have been hunting animals as a tradition and many of these still continue to do so. Meager amounts are offered to the villagers residing near forests by organized poachers to kill animals. On the other hand when the wild animals move out of the forest areas due to shrinking of natural habitat and come in conflict with the local people, most of the time it is the animal which loses out in the fight. Species which are already stripped of their habitats often face retaliatory killing. The main threats to wildlife conservation in the Indian part of TAL include corridor degradation; poaching, illegal extraction of natural resources and wildlife trade; high levels of human wildlife conflict; lack of participation from the local people; inappropriate policies and inadequate infrastructure support for implementing the wildlife conservation measures by the state departments. The root causes of some of these problems include limited capacity within the Forest Department (particularly staff outside the PA system, i.e. in the territorial forest divisions) to undertake effective wildlife conservation measures in the critical wildlife corridors and tackle the illegal wildlife trade. Another underlying cause of habitat degradation is weak community institutions and limited alternative livelihoods which lead to over-extraction of forest resources. 24. Objectives 25. Secure critical wildlife corridors within TAL-India; Curb wildlife poaching and illegal wildlife trade in TAL-India; Mitigate human-wildlife conflict in TAL-India; and Build strong community based institutions. 26. Solution 27. WWF-India proposes to work with the forest department and other government agencies securing critical corridors and curbing poaching and illegal wildlife trade. It will work with the forest department, local administration and with local communities and community based organizations to mitigate human-wildlife conflict. WWF will also work on the building of a community based institution for wildlife conservation. 28. Achievement 29. 1. Moved the Central and State Government to secure Gola wildlife corridor. 2. Working with different stakeholders for reducing wildlife trade. 3. Human wildlife conflict mitigated substantially around the Corbett Tiger Reserve.

Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Testing in Schools Essay -- essays research

â€Å"Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco Testing†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The procedure of testing student for drugs, alcohol and tobacco before every school day should be allowed. The fact that the subject of drug testing has even been brought up is a sign that illegal substances have become troublesome in high school environments. Therefore, school officials should be allowed to use any means necessary to discourage the use of these illegal substances, even if it means that the school officials could become dangerously close to violating the students’ constitutional rights. A student under the influence of drugs or alcohol could endanger his or her fellow students or faculty and that student should not be allowed to attend that school. School officials must protect those who are at that school, so having a student whose actions are being controlled by illegal substances would not be the best way to protect the students and faculty. Students should be tested everyday for drugs, alcohol, and tobacco so that the students are healt hier, the students have better grades, and the students never start doings things that could have a negative impact on their future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, schools should be allowed to test students for illegal substances everyday so that the students are healthier. Drugs, alcohol and tobacco have all been proven to be very unhealthy to a person at any age, especially to a person in his or her teenage years when he or she is still growing. In...

Internet Has Made Life Easier Essay

There are many different reasons why Internet has made people’s lives easier. Working from home is an advantage from being able to access the internet and making people’s lives easier. Another advantage to have online internet and making people’s lives easier is communication is faster from businesses and people online. In addition to working from home and communication, attending a school online through the internet has made people’s lives become easier. Working from home is an advantage from being able to access the internet and making life easier. A lot of businesses use online applications for employees, to apply for different positions, the businesses would be hiring. When working from home, a lot of times the job allows a person to work at their time and pace, which is an advantage when a person has a busy day. Having children and being a stay at home parent, is an advantage working from home. For example; a parent would not have to worry about findi ng a babysitter to watch their children and pay extra money out of their own pocket. Therefore, staying at home saves money. Read more:  Reasons people communicate  essay Many individuals have created websites to work from home. The websites may or may not require training. If a business or website requires training, the training can all be done online, right from home. Sometimes the trainings may last an hour or they could be longer than that to days of training. Communication is easier for many people and businesses online. Many people communicate using the internet. Social Media is a big part of the internet. Social media includes some of these examples; Facebook, Twitter, E mail, as well as dating websites for adults. Social media is a great way to meet new people and to stay connected with people. Businesses communicate via internet as well. Many jobs require internet usage, to apply for jobs and for work, such as working from home. Businesses use e mail to communicate from state to state from employee to employee. If a person is employed in one state but works from home the internet is very useful. Therefore their job would require internet and they could easily get online and communicate upon employees or customers. Many Businesses communicate with customers through a chat service using the internet, if they purchase a product and the customer may need help with the product or online support. Businesses also use the internet to send bills through e mail. The customers of a  business, are also able to shop online. Shopping online has many advantages. One of the best examples is no waiting in line on the person ahead. Also, an individual can shop at any hour of the day, according to his or her schedule. Attending school online has made people’s lives easier. Attending school online has a lot of advantages. Many people want to attend a college online. A lot of universities are in bigger cities and may not be within traveling. Therefore, an individual could attend online school from home through the internet. Also, a person may work a lot of hours at a job and does not have time to go to a local college, so attending school from home is a great choice. People with children that do not have babysitters may attend online school. A person can work at their own pace when attending school online, as well as do the assignments when they have the time to do so before the due date of the assignment. When attending a local college or even a college that many miles away, there is a set time of when to be in class and when it will be over. Many people work jobs to where they cannot attend a college that is not online. There are a lot of advantages of why Internet has made people’s lives easier. Working from home is an advantage from being able to access the internet and making people’s lives easier. Another advantage to have online internet and making people’s lives easier is communication is faster from people and businesses online. In addition to working from home and communication, attending a school online through the internet has made people’s lives easier.

History of Early New York Immigration

Immigration is an event that has been occurring in New York since 1624 when the Dutch West India Company assembled thirty families from Holland to established a settlement that became known as New Netherland. Many immigrants came to our nation looking for opportunities that their country could not provide for them. The prospect of political and religious liberty, as well as opportunities for economic advancements brought millions of immigrants to America. Through the years, immigration has played a key role in the New York†s economic, political and social development in both positive and negative ways. During the colonial era most immigrants came from northern European countries. Their numbers declined with the onset of the Revolutionary War during the 1770†³s, but immigration picked up strongly again during the 1840s and 1850s. Between 1840 and 1860, the New York received its first great wave of immigrants. In Europe as a whole, famine, poor harvests, rising populations and political unrest caused an estimated five million people to leave their homelands each year. In Ireland, blight attacked the potato crop, and upwards of 750,000 people starved to death. Many of the survivors emigrated. The failure of the German Confederation†s Revolution of 1848-49 led many of its people to emigrate. Many settled in New York City, where the population increased from 200,000 residents in 1830 to 515,000 in 1850. By 1860, New York was home to over one million residents. More than half of the city†s population at that time were immigrants and their American-born children. The masses of immigrants were overwhelming. By 1887, it became obvious that Castle Garden (immigrant receiving station) was too small to process the large numbers of immigrants pouring into the New York. The Castle Garden was so small that criminals were simply hanging out at the receiving station to rob the immigrants inside, instead of waiting for them to get on the streets. Thus, the government built Ellis Island in 1892 and immigrants continued pouring in. The number of immigrants was so great that by 1910 immigrants and their families composed over half the total population of New York. During Industrialization many â€Å"new† immigrants on their way out of Southern and Eastern Europe due to over population and religious persecution. Approximately 25 million arrived between 1866 and 1915. While earlier immigrants had come mainly from northern European countries such as England, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries, by the 1880s most â€Å"new† immigrants were arriving from southern and eastern countries such as Italy, Poland, and Russia. More than a million immigrants arrived in each of the years 1905, 1907, and 1910, some fleeing the â€Å"pogroms† (organized massacres) taking place in Eastern Europe, and others seeking a life that they could never have within the borders of their poverty-stricken countries. These later immigrants, arriving from southern and eastern Europe, were Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Slovaks and Russian, as well as Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, and Rumanians. Approximately ten percent of them were Jews fleeing the repressive policies of Czarist Russia under Alexander III, although Roman and Orthodox Catholics were among the arrivals. The tremendous industrial growth of the late nineteenth century created an unprecedented demand for workers. The construction of canals and railroads required an enormous force of unskilled laborers. Hence, practically all the â€Å"new† immigrants found jobs in transportation, mining, and manufacturing. Without this supply of labor, New York â€Å"s industrial expansion could not have taken place. A few exceptional immigrants rose to positions of wealth and power. But for the great mass of immigrants, success meant something much more limited. It meant better wages, money in the bank, ownership of a home, and a brighter future for their children. Even though immigrants helped to make the Industrial Revolution possible they faced opposition in economics and politics. The response to these newcomers was unfriendly and inhospitable. The Americans who saw their job security challenged by immigrants that were willing to work longer hours for lower wages did not welcome. The new comers did not have the same culture as the first immigrants that had come from Northern and Western Europe. Most lacked skills and very few spoke English, some could not read or write in any language. The Slavic and Polish (excluding Jewish) immigrants groups were viewed as unskilled, illiterate, and transient and were seen as a bigger threat to New York institutions than the other European ethnic groups. They were not ambitious people, tended to keep to themselves, and were opposed to the American idea of materialism. Many of the Slavs and Poles distrusted New York public schools; they withdrew their children from school and encouraged them to seek training in a trade, thus allowing a high rate of dropouts. Likewise, Italians were discriminated against because they also provided cheap labor and, naturally of a clannish nature, tended to move and settle as a group in Italian communities where they only worked with fellow countrymen and did not learn the ways of urban life. Americans thought that Italians did not assimilate into the American culture well since they held on their old-country traditions and cultures so strongly. Assimilation was important to the Americans because they were fearful of the change that came with other cultures, not to mention their resentment towards the new languages already replacing English in several parts of the cities. The Italians also brought the Mafia, which although in Italy enforced justice, came under the control of criminals in New York, and became known for racketeering, blackmail, and extortion. The immigrants were blamed for creating disorder and violence in the cities, and in general, were thought to be â€Å"birds of passage† who would use the American economy to make their fortunes, then return to their native land taking American dollars. The ever-growing influx of immigrants disturbed many native-born Americans who were annoyed by the newcomers† appearance and way of life. They expected these people, no matter what their place of origin, to conform to Anglo-Saxon patterns of behavior and to cherish the institutions of America. These anti-immigrant, natives, sentiments, and the hatred and prejudice toward these immigrants led to the passing of immigration laws that greatly restricted the flow of immigration . The first restrictive law prevented immigration of lunatics, criminals, polygamists, people with diseases, and those likely to be public charges. In August of 1882, the first federal immigration law was adopted. This law put a head tax on all immigrant passengers. Laws from notes. Many American believed that these immigration restrictions were necessary to keep the New York city from deteriorating. The population living in cities of over 30,000 increased from ten percent of the total in 1860 to more than twenty-five percent of the total US population by 1900. The pressure of the tremendous inflow of immigrants quickly outstripped the ability of the New York†s established institutions to cope with them. Already poor in the Old Country, for the most part, they arrived in America penniless and made their homes in the growing tenements of America†s major cities, like New York. The severe strain on the housing situation coupled with discriminatory practices eventually led to the creation of ghettos. Women and children were often sent to work to contribute to the survival of the family, old-world views that eventually led to wholesale exploitation of child labor. Poverty on a never-before-seen scale became the norm in America†s urban centers. Perplexed, poor, and lacking knowledge of the American lifestyle, these immigrants were used as a low-paid labor force for dirty jobs that nobody else wanted and felt the harshness of Industrialism the most. They did not know their bosses, class animosity often divided management and labor, and their interests and wants were of little concern to the corporations. Because these people did not have the proper education, many of them remained unskilled or semi-unskilled throughout their lives. Although many could not attain the work skills they needed, they gained many other things. By the early 1900†³s, ninety percent of those who could not speak English learned to do so in less than ten years after they arrived, and only a third was still illiterate. Despite their many hardships, the new immigrants were determined to make it in the New World. For example, the Slavs† ability to take the worst jobs and stick with them enabled them to become one of the top two ethnic groups representing employees of America†s leading industries . It was the clashing of old-world views with those of new-world ideas that forced compromises that helped to advance social and political thoughts. The cities would not have grown without people to provide cheap labor in the factories, and it was the willingness to provide a cheap source of labor and to work the most difficult and menial jobs that helped enable the United Stated to make the economic gains that she made. The stamina and perseverance of the immigrants made America and industrial giant and the world economic power it is today Even though immigrants helped to make the Industrial Revolution possible they faced opposition in economics and politics. Although New York benefited from immigration they tended to regard the newcomers as competitors for their jobs. This is understandable not only because of fluctuations of the economy, which caused unemployment but because immigrants were often used as strike. The â€Å"new† immigrants that came to America that could read, write, speak, and understand English were lated by many political supports. Those people feared that if an immigrant were gain power in politics that they might try to incorporate their old customs and traditions in politics. Many Americans even opposed the idea of allowing immigrants the right to vote. Even after immigrants were to become Americanized, political supports fought to keep immigrants from participating in politics.

E-COMMERCE AND THE FUTURE OF MODERN BUSINESS essays

E-COMMERCE AND THE FUTURE OF MODERN BUSINESS essays The internet has been the revolutionary technology of the new millennium, empowering consumers and businesses alike with blessings of connectivity (Kotler With the rapid increase and development of technology, information systems are no longer a novelty. They have become an ordinary component of our everyday life, varying from private every day use (such as emailing friends, chatting on MSN, etc) to corporate use, by facilitating business processes and transactions. In the modern days, an office is practically inexistent without the use of some kind of information systems. The old office, where people used only pens, paper, calculators and envelopes is quickly ceasing to exist in that particular form. Today we are moving into an era of intangible business processes, where business communication and transactions can be conducted anywhere, anytime, and with a simple mouse click . E-Commerce is currently changing the way business is conducted with very few organizations debating whether or not to participate in it. This essay will focus on the rise and importance of e-commerce, in order to illustrate that electronic commerce is the behind any successful modern business. The phenomenal growth of the Internet has lead to the emergence of a great number of new technologies. One of the most important ones is the ability to conduct business over the Internet. E-Commerce is often described as the buying and selling of information, products and services with the assistance of computer technology and the Internet (Rahman Traditional e-commerce was centred around electronic data interchange (EDI), a sharing and transferri...

How to triple your salary in 5 years

How to triple your salary in 5 years There’s a lot of debate about what the â€Å"American dream† entails, but if you ask a bunch of different people from a range of backgrounds, I bet you’d hear a common theme: making more money. More money in our chosen career path is a goal (unspoken or not) for just about all of us. Sure, we can be content with what we make now, assuming it meets our lifestyle needs, but wouldn’t it be nice to make more? So what steps can you take to make that goal a reality? We’ve got some actions you can take now that are likely to (literally) pay off later.Change jobs.If you stay in one place, chances are your salary increases will be incremental: a raise here, a cost-of-living bump there. Increases tends to be modest over time, the longer you stay in one place. One of the best ways to create financial opportunity is to change jobs, and make sure you’re negotiating at full power when you receive a new job offer. It’s unlikely you’ll double y our salary in one job jump, but if you make smart decisions and are open to new (and potentially more profitable) opportunities over the next few years, you can start building that upward salary trajectory.Boost your skills.One of the best ways to make more money is to be worth more money. In this case, that means proactively building skills that you know add value in your field. That may mean taking online courses or attending seminars related to your job or professional development.And be sure your manager knows you’re taking steps to enrich your professional self, learn new skills, and become even better versed in your field. It shows that you’re building value and gives you a good base for negotiating a raise.Create your own business.This can be done on the side of your regular job, channeling a particular skill or hobby into a moneymaking opportunity. It’s also a good test run to see if this is something you can do full-time (eventually), while making extra income in the meantime and increasing your overall take-home pay. If you find that your new business is solid and you can not only maintain it but also grow it into a full-time job, it takes your earning potential and puts that power back in your own hands.Make money for others.Sounds counterintuitive, right? You want that money coming back to you! But if you make money for others (like your company, or a client), it gives you specific numbers related to the value you add and provide for that client. It gives you an excellent metric when it comes time to negotiate more money for yourself. I increased sales 13% last year. I charge X dollars for my consultation fees because I help clients exceed previous sales goals by an average of 22%. Having a reputation as a money-builder lets you charge more, or negotiate for more.There’s no magic way to dramatically increase your income overnight (at least no magic legal way), but if you put in the diligence and effort, you can make sure that your salary is moving steadily upward over time.

Global Sea Level to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations Term Paper

Global Sea Level to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations - Term Paper Example Ice sheets were missing in Greenland and in the western regions of Antarctica. The huge ice sheet covering the eastern part of Antarctica was also responsible for the increasing level of the sea. Several controversies and studies have been ongoing on an understanding of how the ice sheets melt and increase the level of the sea (Parry). The present study focuses on the issue and discussion of the rising level of the sea as much as 70 feet for the future generations, which is a matter of serious concern for the world as a whole. Global Sea Level to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations: Research studies have reflected on the issue of increasing level of the sea in the future that may be around 40-7 feet higher than in the present times. Even if the world becomes successful in limiting the global warming on earth, yet such a possibility remains significant, as research studies have revealed. A research team had been led by Kenneth G. Miller, a professor of earth and planetary s ciences in the School of Arts and Sciences at Rutgers University, for the study of the levels of sea and the possible consequences of such a situation. The team made studies on rocks and parts of soil in the regions of Virginia, Eniwetok Atoll located in the Pacific and New Zealand, and concluded their studies (â€Å"Global Sea Level Likely to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations†). ... This situation has the capability of affecting the lives of almost 70 percent of the world population. It has also been estimated that such melting of the ice sheets would require hundreds to thousands of years of time. The existing course for the 21st century global increase of sea level is 2 to 3 feet owing to oceans warming up, partial melting of mountain glaciers, and partial melting of Greenland and Antarctica (â€Å"Global Sea Level Likely to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations†). Miller in his studies also focused on the fact that the great ice sheets in the earth are highly sensitive to changes in temperatures. Hence even a mild change in temperature has the ability to increase the levels of the sea to greater extents. According to him, with the present levels of carbon dioxide, the natural condition of the earth reflects sea levels that are up to 20 meters higher than normal state (â€Å"Global Sea Level Likely to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generat ions†). Antarctic and Greenland are the only ice sheets that are present in the current times. The ice sheet of the Antarctica has been found to be the largest ice sheet on earth representing a single piece of ice mass. The ice sheet of Greenland occupies about 82% of the plane of Greenland. Melting of this ice sheet might cause increase in sea levels by as much as 7.2 metres. The rate of melting of the Greenland ice sheet has been found to be about 239 cubic kilometres in a year on average (â€Å"Ice Sheet†). Sea Level and the Climate on Earth: The global rise in the level of the sea has been found to have a significant linkage with the climate on the earth. In the last 100 years, the climate of the earth has been increased by 1

Why did Margaret Thatcher sign up to the Single European Act Essay

Why did Margaret Thatcher sign up to the Single European Act - Essay Example These agreements included the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). The United Kingdom was a significant player in the formation of SEA; it participated in the events that led to its creation in the mid-1980s. This paper examines some of the reasons why British Prime Minister Margret Thatcher endorsed the SEA. The very advent of SEA can be traced to the mid-20th century 1945 (Cooper and Tomic, 2007). The then integration activities happened in rather steady steps, especially following the establishment of the ECSC in 1952. Gehler (2006) notes that with six founding member countries, Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands, the ECSC marked the first contemporary, multinational economic union in Europe. In 1958, when it became clear that economic integration in Europe was tenable, the member countries of the ECSC advanced their international cooperation through the ratification of the Treaties of Rome, which established the EEC and EURATOM (Basdeo, 1990; Moravcsik, 1991). According to Timur, Picone and Desimone (2011), the EEC’s primary objective was economic coordination of the region via a universal market and the elimination of trade restrictions. From 1970, the subsequent two decades saw the EEC activities deepen to include the United Kingdom, Denmark, Spain, Greece, Ireland, and Portugal. The new expanded economic union was faced with political and economic problems including fuel crisis that peaked in the early 1970s and pressures from the North America that needed trade liberalization to succeed (Cooper and Tomic, 2007). The European heads of governments reacted with, perhaps the clearest intent of a common platform that would foster important economic and inter-governmental cooperation. Of particular concern in this paper was UK’s adoption of the SEA following Prime Minister Margret Thatcher’s endorsement of the Treaty

The Positive Results and the Expansion of the Company Essay - 3

The Positive Results and the Expansion of the Company - Essay Example Looking at other management styles such as the strategy and democratic, there is a clear indication that the command and control belittle human beings. Kazmi (2008, pg401) asserts that strategists and Democrats in management are more open-minded in that they allow participation of the employees in the development of the organization. He also adds that, in the quest of having the best rules, there must be regular refining of the existing ones. Everyone should be involved in decision making geared to bring change is significant. In the video presentation by Job Stains (public conversation website, n.d.), attention is herein brought on the validity of a participative managing style rather than the command and control. He demonstrates that the mind of a human being works better when relaxed. Once threatened, hormones that would compel the person to revenge are produced. The person may just freeze just like in the military when soldiers are told to do so by their commander. The idea is tr ying to have a constructive conversation to work out properly. Just from the lecture, a good manager should have qualities that allow him to have the audacity to inquire. He should ask what went wrong and what should be done to attain stability. A dialogue formula is the best. Being innovative and proactive will help find solutions amicably. This means everybody will be satisfied, and respect will be upheld. There will be no hatred within the juniors and the superiors. The narrative therapists (Morgan, 2000) have it in mind that, for an appropriate management style, conversations are the key to achievement.

The Evolution Of Animation

The Evolution Of Animation Ever since the beginning of photography, people learned that pictures taken in quick series, of a moving object, could be flipped through, in succession, to create the illusion of a moving picture. For many years Animation has been used. Animation was done in black and white such as cartoons and movies in the early 1900s. The backgrounds and the cartoon drawings were made simple. Animation technology has come a long way since the early days of hand-drawn cartoons. The tools have changed dramatically. Animation is a graphic representation of drawings to show movement within those drawings. A series of drawings are linked together and usually photographed by a camera. The drawings have been slightly changed between individualized frames so when they are played back in rapid succession (24 frames per second) there appears to be seamless movement within the drawings. Early animations, which started appearing before 1910, consisted of simple drawings photographed one at a time. It was extremely labor intensive, as there were literally hundreds of drawings per minute of film. Early animators used an animation technique known as stop action. With the camera stopped, items would be rearranged, removed, or added to the shot then the director would start rolling again. Live action films using this procedure were called Trick Plays. American studios soon turned to flat animation as opposed to dimensional animation, finding it much more efficient for their assembly-line techniques of making animated films. To illustrate the difference between the two, picture Gumby (a dimensional character) as opposed to Tweety Bird, a drawing. The development of celluloid around 1913 quickly made animation easier to manage. Instead of numerous drawings, the animator now could make a complex background and/or foreground and squeeze in moving characters in between several other pieces of celluloid, which is transparent except for where drawings are painted on it. This made it unnecessary to repeatedly draw the background, as it remained static and only the characters moved. It also created an illusion of depth, especially if foreground elements were placed in the frames. The first animated cartoon was created in 1910 by pioneers such as Emile Cohl and Winsor McCay. The animation timeline then starts to progress with several films being produced during the next twenty years; Gertie the Dinosaur, produced by Winsor McCay and distributed to commercial movie theaters in 1914 being a land mark during this period. In the 1920s and 1930s Warners, MGM and Disney studios developed cartoon techniques, producing more and more sophisticated cartoons using traditional animation techniques of producing complex backgrounds and then imposing moving figures on them with celluloid, a transparent film. Walt Disney took animation to a new level adding sound in 1928 and producing the first full length animated film in 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Since the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney in 1937, animated films have become one of the most commonly enjoyed forms of entertainment. Disney has a long history of developing, producing, and distributing films such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King. The stories and characters of these popular animated feature films have become part of our modern traditions, enjoyed by every generation. Traditionally, these popular animated feature films have been created using the time-consuming and labor-intensive process of two-dimensional, hand-drawn cel animation. Today animation is rarely done on cel (Cel is a sheet of transparent cellulose acetate used as a medium for painting animation frames. It is transparent so that it can be laid over other celluloid and/or a painted background, then photographed.) Cel animation is extremely time consuming and requires incredible organization and concentration to detail. The way of doing animation today is different an d is more effective and it majorly depends on the new advanced computer technology. Remarkable animated films wouldnt have been possible without the new advances in computer technology. On the other hand even the computer technology itself is not new. Films like Toy Story, Madagascar, Finding Nemo, Up etc are the magnificent pieces of work done by Disney and they wouldnt have been possible without the computer technology. In the past the animators used to work very hard just to make a small video, but now its all computerized and one can easily see the evolution of animation that how significantly it has improved and made a special place for itself in the industry. According to Buffy Naillon, Computer animation changed the animated film industry. Animation today is based more on math formulas than the ability to draw According to Library.ThinkQuest.org, computer animation began about 40 years ago by General Motors. The company created a design system called DAC (Design Augmented by Computers). With it, they could look at 3D models of their cars from every angle. Consistent with PIXAR where films go through four stages: development, creating storyline; pre-production, addressing technical challenges; production, making the film; and post-production, polishing the final product. Today animation is done in a very effective manner, its a complete process with various steps which includes the idea of the film development, then to create a story line in which pre-production is done and dealing with all the technical challenges are also done in this step, later comes the production and the making of the film and then with the final touches the polishing is done. Today we have 3 dimensional animated films, which give the impression of being more realistic. Everyone today is fond of animated films. When that sledgehammer comes down on Sylvester the Cats big toe and it grows to the size of a watermelon theres no trick photography involved. The stories are very beautiful yet simple. And the most important the quality of the animated films today is way different then what we had in past. Animated films today when played in rapid succession appear to have seamless movements within the layouts. Seeing the old methods of animation and the methods used today really shows how the animating process has evolved and how it is getting better and better. The animation timeline carry on in the new millennium with movies like How to train your Dragon, Toy Story 3, Shrek The Final Chapter, and many more to follow.

Diversity Essay :: College Admissions Essays

Diversity Essay â€Å"Mom! Tell him to get off me!† cried my sister in Farsi to my mother. My mother ran into the room and pulled me, kicking and screaming, off of my older sister. My sister had come home from her first day of school, and was by this time crying. After issuing her punishment and telling me never to hit my sister again, my mother demanded to know why I was so upset. â€Å"She went to school today, Mom, and she won’t teach me English!† I sobbed. Of course, it was foolish of me to think that my sister could teach me a new language after her first day of school, but I was too young and frustrated to know any better. My frustration was caused by living in a foreign land and not knowing the language, and was amplified by our poverty. I did not have many toys and could not play with other children my age because of the language barrier. I was only two-and-a-half years old when my family moved to America from Iran to avoid the onslaught of the Iran-Iraq war. I was too young to remember any details, but the war stories I have heard are horrifying. Children were used as human sacrifices to deactivate landmines and sent to the battlefields with keys that would â€Å"allow them access to Heaven.† My parents envisioned a future for my sister and I somewhere that would shield us from such atrocities and allow us to advance our lives, even at the expense of their own. The strength that they displayed in sacrificing their own lives for our opportunities has been an inspirational force throughout my life. My mother worked at a laundry service in an apartment complex, and because we had no car or babysitter, I had to wake up mornings and walk with her to work. Several residents noticed me sitting impatiently in the cramped workspace and tried to entertain me in any way that they could. One of the residents, a tall man with funny-looking glasses, was a magician who gave me a copy of a children’s book. I could tell from the pictures that it was a book about a penguin, but I could not yet read its contents. I appreciated the gift, and because I liked this man who would show me card tricks and make funny voices, I was inspired to learn to read it.

Basement

3 – basement 3 – Basement 1 Quick Revision 1. 1 Problems arising from basement construction a. Excavation method. b. Surface and ground water control c. Lateral stability of basement excavation. d. Stability of adjoining building. 1. 2 Ground water control – dewatering a. Open Sump Pumping b. Wellpoint System. c. Shallow-Bored Well System d. Deep-Bored Well System 1. 3 Basement Excavation a. Open excavation b. Sheet pile cofferdam Supported with raking struts Supported with struts and walings Supported with ground anchors Ground support and ground water control for deep excavationCut off wallings: c. Thin grouted diaphrage d. Mixed in place wall e. Ground treatment f. Circular cofferdam g. Diaphrage wall 1/11 3 – basement 2. Cut-off wallings 2. 1 Thin grouted diaphragm A series of touching universal beams or columns are driven into the ground to the required depth. A grout injection pipe is fixed to the web the section and this is connected to a group pump at the ground. As the sections are withdrawn the void created is filled with cement grout to form the thin membrane. This is a non-structural wall and services only as a cut-off wall. It is uitable subsoil of silt, sand and gravel. 2. 2 Thin grouted diaphragm (Source: R. Chudley) Mixed-in-place wall A hollow churn drill is drilled into the ground. Intrusion grout is pumped through the hollow kelly bar during the drilling operation. When the required depth is reached, the auger rotation is reversed and withdrawn while grout injection continues. The grout is thus mixed with the existing soil to form a mixed-in-place pile. The above process is repeated with the piles being cast against each other until the whole wall is formed. Mixed-in-place pile (Source: Jufri & Wellmen) /11 3 – basement 2. 3 Ground treatment The major disadvantage of pumping is causing settlement of surrounding ground. In urban areas, settlement would serious affect the stability of adjacent properties. In t his situation, grouting method can be used to control ground water. The basic method is to inject the soil or rock with fluids which, on setting, seal or reduce the permeability of the material. There are various types of grouts. The choice of grouts, the pattern and spacing of the injection pipes will depend upon the particle sizes of the soil or the size of fissures in the rock.Cement Grouting (Source: R. Chudley) 2. 3. 1 Cement grouting Cement grout is suitable for injecting into coarse materials which have a high permeability. This method not only can form an impermeable barrier to ground water but also solidify loose soils which prevents from collapsing during excavation. It is usual to commence grouting with a batch of thin grout and then to increase the viscosity of the grout as the process continues, by reducing the water-cement ratio. The grout used may be composed of neat cement grout, or a mixture of cement and 3/11 3 – basement sand in the ratio of 1 : 4.The addin g of sand reduces the cost of material but it also reduces the workability. On the other hand, pulverized fuel ash (PFA) may be used to replace part of the cement (up to 50%) to reduce the cost of the material. The spherical particle shape of PFA improves the flow quality of the grout without reducing its strength. 2. 3. 2 Bentonite grouting Bentonite grouting is used in ground conditions where the particles of the soil are too small for cement grouting. While bentonite grout adds little strength to the soil, it has a high resistance to water flow and therefore produces an excellent barrier.Bentonite is produced from montmorillionite clay, which has thixotropic properties: when it coagulates it forms a gel, and if mixed with certain additives, such as Portland cement or soluble silicates, the barrier formed will be permanent. 2. 3. 3 Chemical grouting There are two main processes of chemical grouting: ‘one-shot’ and ‘two shot’. In the ‘two-shotâ€℠¢ process, pipes are driven into the ground at about 600 mm centres, and the first chemical, normally sodium silicate, is injected. This is followed immediately by the injection of the second chemical, calcium chloride.The reaction between the two chemicals is immediate, resulting in a tough, insoluble ‘silica-gel’. The process gives considerable strength to the soil and greatly reduces its permeability. Two-shot process for chemical grouting 4/11 3 – basement The ‘two-shot’ process has been largely superseded by the ‘one-shot’ process, which consists of mixing together prior to injection two chemicals whose gel time can be sufficiently delayed to allow full penetration of the soil before gel occurs. The extent of the delay can be accurately controlled by varying the proportions of the two chemicals.The extra time available for placing this grout allows wider spacing of the boreholes. 4. 2. 6 Circular cofferdam Steel sheet pile cofferdam s may be arranged in circular shape in plan. Circular cofferdams may be supported with ring walings. The walings are subject to tangential thrust and act as a continuous arch. Thus transverse struts are not required. Large diameter circular cofferdams may be formed of concrete diaphragm wall and reinforced with ring concrete beam. The advantage of this method is that it provides a clear excavation un-hampered by struts. However, the method is restricted to circular shape.Circular cofferdam support with ring walings Basement construction of IFC 5/11 3 – basement 5 Diaphragm Walls Diaphragm walling describes the construction of continuous concrete walls into the ground. The process, sometimes called the slurry trench method, involves the excavation of a narrow trench to the required depth which supported with bentonite slurry. The trench is then filled with concrete to form the wall. Construction of diaphragm wall 5. 1 Advantages of using diaphragm walls for basement constructi on 1. The process of constructing the wall is relatively quiet and has little vibration. . The wall can be constructed to a great depth. 3. The wall provides temporary ground supports during excavation hence expensive steelwork is eliminated or minimized. 4. The wall provides a good water cut-off; no dewatering is required and hence has little effects on adjacent structure. 5. The wall serves both as external wall for the basement and the foundation for the superstructure. 6. For deep basement, diaphragm walling is more economical than using steel sheeting cofferdam. 6/11 3 – basement 5. 2 Method of construction of concrete diaphragm wall 1. A perimeter trench, 1 to 1. m deep and with a width equal to the wall thickness plus 300 mm is excavated. 2. The trench is lined on both sides with 150 mm thick in-situ concrete. (The linings provide a guide for the grab and protect the top of the excavation from collapse. ) 3. The wall is divided into to panels. The width of each panel i s about 4. 5 to 7 m. The sequence of construction for the panels is in an alternatively way. That is, an intermediate panel is excavated after panels on its both sides have been cast. 4. The trench is then filled with bentonite slurry from a large storage tank before excavation.Excavation is done by a grab. During excavation, it is important to maintain the slurry level at about 0. 5 m below the top of the trench. (The function of the bentonite is to prevent the ingress of water and soil into the trench. ) Excavation is continued until the founding is reached. 5. Stop end pipes of diameter equal the wall thickness are placed at both ends of the panel. A reinforcement cage is lowered through the bentonite and panel is cast with tremie concrete. The displaced bentonite is recovered, strained to remove the soil particles and then stored for future use. 6.When the concrete has set, the stop end pipes are removed. Semi-circular sockets are formed which provide key for the adjacent panels . 7. Further panels of the diaphragm wall are then formed in a similar manner until the wall is completed. 5. 3 Precast Concrete Diaphragm Walls Diaphragm walls can also be formed with precast concrete panels. The construction sequence is: 1. A perimeter trench, lined on both sides with concrete walls, is prepared. 7/11 3 – basement 2. The trench is filled with bentonite slurry and excavated with a grab. During excavation, the slurry level is maintained at about 0. m below the top of the trench. Excavation is continued until the founding is reached. 3. Cement grout is introduced to the bottom of the trench with a spreader. The displaced bentonite is recovered, strained to remove the soil particles and then stored for future use. 4. Precast posts or panels are inserted into the trench to form the wall 5. When the grout has set, it seals the joints of the precast panels effectively, and the diaphragm wall is formed. Precast Concrete Diaphragm Wall Precast Concrete Diaphragm Wal l (Source: R. Holmes) (Source: R. Holmes) 8/11 3 – basement 6 Soldier pile wallSince the wall of a basement must be watertight, if a soldier pile wall is used as a basement wall, the piles of the wall will be constructed to overlap with each other. This type of wall is also called secant pile wall. The overlapping is about 120 to 200 mm. It is cut by a hydraulic actuated casing fitted with a cutting ring at the lower end. The cutting must be done within one or two days after the concrete has been cast to prevent it become to hard. Secant pile wall Alternatively, the piles of the wall are cast contiguous. Boreholes are drill at the joints of the piles which cut the edges of the piles. The boreholes are then filled ith bentonite-cement grout to seal the joints. Secant pile wall (Source: R. Chudley) 9/11 3 – basement 7 Top-Down Basement Construction It is to construct the basement in the downward direction to the final levels of the basement. The sequence of work is as fo llows:1. Construct the permanent basement wall using diaphragm wall or soldier piles wall. 2. Construct bored piles with temporary steel casings as the foundation of the basement. The cut-off level of the piles is at the final basement level. 3. Place steel columns inside the steel casings of the bore piles from the foundation level up to the ground level. . Backfill the shafts with granular material to hold the steel columns. 5. Construct the ground floor slab supported on the steel columns and the diaphragm walls. (This slab provides a working platform for superstructure construction and acts as the lateral support for the basement excavation. ) Access opening in this slab shall be provided for further excavation. 6. Excavate beneath the ground floor slab down to next basement floor soffit. 7. Cut the steel casing, remove the gravel and expose the steel column. 8. Cast the second basement slab. The slab is connected to the columns with shear studs and connected the diaphragm wall with dowels) 9. Repeat the process for the successive basement floors until down to the final basement slab. The top-down method provides the following main advantages:1. Superstructure can be constructed at the same time as the basement construction takes place and therefore the overall construction time is reduced. 2. Temporary and permanent works are combined and therefore there is no need for extensive steel temporary works. 3. Stiff rigid walls allow an almost watertight construction and basement construction to great depth.These stiff walls provide at the same time a limitation to ground movement. 10/11 3 – basement Steel casing infilled with granular material Steel column on top of bored pile Reference: Control of groundwater for temporary works (1986), S. H. Somerville, CIRCA Construction Technology (1987), R. Chudley, Longman Building Construction Handbook (1992), R. Chudley, Newnes Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction (1985), R. Holmes, College of Estate M anagement Civil Engineering Construction IV (1991), S. A. R. Jufri & R. J. Wellmen, Hong Kong Polytechnic 11/11